GASKETS

Engineering Data/FAQs

Frequently Asked Questions / Common Terms

American Bureau of Shipping
Garlock styles on the American Bureau of Shipping approval program:

• ST-706
• 2550
• BLUE-GARD® 3000, 3200
• GRAPH-LOCK® 3125SS, 3125TC
• GYLON® 3500, 3504, 3510,
• IFG®-5500
• G-9900

Anti-Stick
We recommend gaskets be installed with only the factory applied anti-stick. If the customer feels additional anti-stick is absolutely necessary, dry powder is preferred over pastes and greases. Powders such as talc or graphite should be applied as sparingly as possible. Heavy coatings can lower blow out resistance by lowering the friction between the flange and the gasket. Many coatings will act like an additional gasket in the joint. These coatings may be susceptible to chemical attack or they may have lower temperature and pressure capabilities.

Aviation Gasoline
Gasoline with a high octane number is used for prop driven airplane engines, as opposed to jet fuel for jet engines. Aviation gasoline contains a high percentage of aromatics. GYLON® is preferred; compressed sheet styles with nitrile binders can be successful in some applications (see Jet Fuel). Consult Engineering if you are unsure.

Bubble Tests
Some end users perform bubble tests of their system to check gasket tightness. This information is helpful before specifying a gasket. Bubble tests are an extremely tough test for a gasketed joint, and may not be an appropriate means to verify correct installation. Lightweight flanges with low available compressive load may never achieve "bubble tight" results.

Chlorine Service
We recommend our GYLON® styles for chlorine. The style selection is made based on flange information. Style 3510 is approved by the Chlorine Institute.

Compression
The amount of compression expected on a particular gasket type depends on its compressibility data and the load applied. Sealing problems are often a result of lack of compression. Graphs of compression vs. Ioad on popular gasketing styles are available upon request. Close tolerance sheet should be considered for applications requiring tight internal clearances such as split case pumps (see Modulus of Elasticity).

Compressive Stress
Undercompression - underloaded gaskets will have higher leak rates and lower blowout resistance than properly loaded gaskets. This has a profound effect on performance and is the most frequent cause of joint problems.

Overcompression - overcompression can lead to crushing, which accelerates the degradation of the gasket and can even cause immediate failure.

Uneven Compression - gaskets resist blowout based on the friction of the gasket against the flange. The higher the compressive load, both initially and during service, the higher the blowout resistance. When areas of high and low compression exist in a flange joint, the areas of low compression are prime candidates for blowout.

Crush Strength
Garlock recommends a maximum compressive stress of 15,000 psi on homogeneous rubber and 15,000 psi on compressed fiber, GRAPH-LOCK®, and GYLON® gasketing. The actual crush strength of these materials is typically higher than that of homogeneous rubber.

Cryogenic Service
We recommend our GYLON® styles down to -350ºF (-210ºC), and our compressed sheet gasketing is typically recommended to -40ºF (-40ºC).

Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
Many applications require a gasket which is not a good conductor of electricity. Garlock has dielectric breakdown voltage test data available on our most popular gasketing styles. Generally speaking, GYLON® styles and compressed sheet that does not use carbon or graphite fibers have high dielectric breakdown values. Under humid or wet conditions, Styles 3504 and 3565 are particularly resistant to dielectric breakdown.

Emissions
There is certainly a great deal of interest in limiting emissions of the numerous chemicals and other substances regulated under the Clean Air Act. Garlock has performed testing in this area and our report, available on request, covers the effects of gasket type, compressive load, internal pressure and flange finish on relative emissions levels. The use of heavier flanges where possible and the selection of premium gasket materials with good sealability numbers are the easiest ways to reduce emissions. Due to the aggressive nature of these chemicals, we recommend our GYLON® family of products.

FDA
Garlock offers gasket styles for Food & Drug Administration (FDA) applications. 

Fire Tests
Garlock has developed a Fire Test Standard modeled after industry fire tests API 589 and 607. Styles G-9900, 9850, ST-706, IFG® 5500 and GRAPH-LOCK® styles have all passed this fire test. Test procedures and results are available upon request.

Flanges
Flanges come in all shapes and sizes, and the type of flange used in a service has a large impact on the type of gasketing material recommended. Standard ANSI raised face flanges are best suited for use with compressed fiber and GYLON® gaskets. Elastomer (rubber) gaskets may be crushed in these flanges.

• Flat faced non-metallic flanges work best with the STRESS SAVER®gasket and the highly compressible GYLON® Style 3545. Compressed fiber and standard GYLON® are frequently used in flat faced carbon steel flanges, but it should be noted the compressive stress available in these flanges is well below our minimums. The result is that the gaskets are compressed very little; if there is a significant flange irregularity present, the gasket may not seal. Since leakage rates of gaskets depend on the available compressive stress, the joint may not be as tight as the customer would like.
  
  

• Glass-lined flanges are found in many chemical applications. Due to the inherent "waviness" created when these flanges are fired to apply the glass, the softer GYLON® styles such as Styles 3545, 3565 and 3504 are preferred. The gap between the flanges, when placed together empty, must be measured before the gasket is ordered. Gasket thickness should be 4 times the maximum gap observed.
  
  

• Stainless steel (SS) flanges are common in many plants for chemical service, and often utilize low strength SS bolts. Due to the chemicals present and the low compressive stress generated by the bolts, Styles 3545, 3565 and 3504 are often recommended. We do prefer, however, the use of high strength, strain-hardened stainless steel bolts.

Flange Finish
We recommend the flange finish conform, whenever possible, to 30-55 serrations per inch, in a concentric or spiral pattern, cut with a 1/16" radius, round-nosed tool. This finish is usually difficult or impossible to create in non-circular flanges. We recommend that machined surfaces which can not be serrated have a surface finish with a multi-directional lay and roughness of 125-250 micro-inch RMS.

Fuel Additives
The chemical MTBE (methyl t-butyl ether) has become a very common fuel additive and gasketing compatibility inquiries on this material are frequent. Garlock's in-house testing has shown GYLON® gasketing to be unaffected by MTBE. We have also found compressed sheet Styles 9850 and 3000 to be suitable for MTBE service. These materials are recommended for MTBE alone or mixed with gasoline.

Gasket Constants
ASTM is working on a new system and new set of numbers to be used in the ASME code calculations for flange design. These new constants address leak rates at installation and during loss of compressive load and therefore are meant to help endusers design for a certain leak level. The use of a defined leak rate will generally generate much higher bolt load requirements for the flanges, which should improve performance of designed joints. 

Gasket Grooves
Gaskets installed in grooves or tongue and groove flanges require one extra consideration: the compressed height of the gasket must fill the groove. This is typically important where a highly compressible gasket such as GYLON® Styles 3545 and 3540 or one of the GRAPH-LOCK® styles is used to replace a compressed sheet gasket. The fully compressed thickness, not the original thickness, must be greater than the groove depth or the space between the tongue and groove when flanges contact each other. Ideally, the tongue should be at least as tall as the groove depth.

Gasohol
Gasohol is a blend of gasoline with an alcohol – usually 15% ethyl alcohol. GYLON® styles are preferred; nitrile-bound compressed sheet styles should be acceptable; most rubber gaskets are not recommended.

Installation
Garlock strongly recommends the use of calibrated torque wrenches to tighten bolts to the correct load. We have an installation procedure and discussion available upon request. A video covering the same material is also available.

Insulation Kits
Customers will occasionally ask for a flange insulation or isolation kit or gasket to electrically insulate one flange from the mating flange. Kits are available from a variety of distributors and include an insulating gasket along with a sleeve for the bolts and insulating washer to be installed under the steel washers and nuts.

Garlock does not currently sell kits, but we do offer many gasket styles with good electrical insulating properties (see dielectric breakdown voltage).

Jet Fuels
Jet fuels are typically refined petroleum products similar to kerosene. We recommend our GYLON®, nitrile bound compressed sheet and GRAPH-LOCK® products. (See Aviation Gasoline)

Leachable Levels (chemical)
Some pipe specifications call out maximum levels of "leachables" for gaskets. These limits are usually most concerned with leachable chlorides, fluorides, halogens and sulfur. These ions, or charged particles, are of concern due to their tendency to promote corrosion of piping systems. Garlock keeps test results for numerous gasket styles on file and we will test and certify leachable chlorides, etc., where required. There is a charge for these tests. Due to the nature of this type of analysis, we publish "typical" leachables only on certain styles such as our nuclear grade Style 9920.

"M" & "Y" values for Flange Design
Note: Our testing shows an increase in "M" & "Y" values as gasket thickness increases. This is the opposite of the trend found in the ASME Code. Fugitive emission and gasket blowout studies have validated this trend.

Modulus of Elasticity
Some flange programs ask for the modulus of elasticity for the gasket material. This could be erroneous, since only rubber gaskets are elastic. Other types of gasketing do not have a true modulus. Garlock Applications Engineering does have compression vs. Ioad curves which can be inverted to calculate a rough estimate for use in these calculations (see Compression).

Monomers
Monomers are materials, such as styrene and vinyl chloride, which can combine with themselves and become polymers, such as polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride. GYLON® Style 3510 and 3530 are recommended for monomers, since elastomer bound gaskets are rarely compatible with monomers. Some monomers, under certain conditions, will penetrate a gasket and polymerize inside the gasket, causing the gasket to swell and, occasionally, rupture. This effect is known as "popcorning". This effect can be reduced or eliminated with additional compressive load which lowers the void space inherent in a gasket.

Oxidizers
Certain chemicals are known as strong oxidizers and, as such, will readily combine with organic compounds. We recommend our GYLON® material for use in oxidizers.

Oxygen Service
We recommend GYLON® Styles 3502, 3505, 3503 and metal-inserted Styles 3562 and 3563. These gaskets are specially manufactured and packaged to eliminate contamination by organic material. They are sold as cut gaskets only.

pH
The pH scale is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. A pH of 7 is a neutral reading; it is neither acidic or alkaline. Readings of 1-2 are strongly acidic, while 13-14 indicates a strong alkaline or caustic media.

Note: a pH reading alone without the names of the chemicals involved is not enough to select a gasket. Also, since the pH scale is quite limited in range, a reading of "1" or "14" does not fully describe the concentration. We need the concentration expressed as a percentage. For example, sodium hydroxide at a concentration of around 4% will "peg" the pH scale at 14, the same reading produced by a 40% concentration.

Pressure Spikes
Very high pressure spikes can occur in any line pumping a liquid if a valve is closed rapidly, leaving the fluid flow nowhere to go. The inertia of the fluid may create extreme pressure spikes. These spikes occur too rapidly to be detected by a pressure gage but can cause a gasket to blow out.

Radiation Resistance
We have conducted gamma radiation tests on our compressed sheet Styles 3000, 3200, 3400, 3700, 5500, 5507, 9800, 9850, 9920 and ST-706. These tests indicate our compressed non-asbestos styles will handle a total exposure of approximately 5 x 10⁷ rads of gamma radiation. GYLON® Styles 3510 and 3545 have been tested. Test results are available.

Refrigerants
A number of new refrigerants have been introduced in an effort to protect the environment. CFC-type refrigerants, believed to be responsible for depleting the ozone layer, are being phased out and replaced by HCFCs and HFCs. The compatibility inquiries we've received seem to concentrate on R-134a, R-123 and R-141b. Information provided to us by the refrigerant manufacturers indicates our Style 3300 will be preferred for R-134a and R-123. Styles 5500, 3000 and 3300 are recommended for R-141b. Refer to chemical resistance charts for complete listing of refrigerants. The compatibility of the lubricants used with these refrigerants should be considered.

Reuse of Gaskets
We are frequently asked about reusing a gasket. We do not recommend this practice. A gasket's function is to conform to flange high spots when compressed. Its ability to reseal decreases after it is compressed. Gaskets which contain rubber and which have experienced elevated temperatures will be even less likely to reseal.

Shelf Life
Garlock has spec sheets detailing proper storage conditions and expected shelf life for our products. Available upon request.

Spacers in Flanges
Some installations require a very thick gasket to fill a large gap between flanges. We do not recommend stacking numerous gaskets in the same flange. In-house tests have shown that a better way to fill a 1/2" gap, for example, is to install a 1/16" gasket on each side of a 3/8" thick incompressible spacer ring. Ideally, the spacer ring will be consistent with piping metallurgy, serrated, and cut to the same dimensions as the gasket. We recommend higher minimum torques when using this arrangement.

Steam
Steam can be found in plants in two forms: saturated and superheated. Saturated steam is standard boiler steam and has a definite temperature for each pressure. Superheated steam is steam at a higher temperature than is found on the saturated steam curve for that particular pressure. We recommend ST-706 and our GRAPH-LOCK® styles for superheated steam. Please be aware of the pressure and P x T limits for each style when making a selection, and consult with Garlock Engineering when approaching these limits.

Thickness, Gasket
Garlock recommends the use of thinner gaskets wherever possible. This not only lowers the cost of the gasket, it increases the performance of the joint by lowering emissions and product loss and increasing blowout resistance. Thinner gaskets will not seal as many flange irregularities as thicker gaskets, however, and require flatter flanges. Experience with the particular flange system is often an important guide when specifying a gasket thickness. A more complete discussion of the subject is available.

Torques, Bolt (See Bolt Torque Tables)
We realize many end users resist using a torque wrench for installation. We have found the use of a torque wrench to be the least painful way to gain a substantial increase in performance. Any method which accurately controls the compressive load on the gasket is acceptable.

For non-standard flanges, contact Applications Engineering

Maximum torque values for flanges such as glass-lined or PTFE-lined, FRP and PVC type flanges are established by the flange manufacturer to avoid damage to the flanges. We recommend the use of the maximum allowable torque for each size. These maximum torques are usually lower, and often much lower, than we would recommend.

Traced Lines (Heat Traced)
Heat traced lines pumping materials which are solid at ambient temperature can present a number of problems for gaskets:

1. The bolts are usually hotter than the flanges since the heat is applied from outside the pipe. This causes the bolts to expand more than the pipe, which lowers the compressive stress on the gasket.

2. Any line which is shut down will freeze solid. When the line is reheated on start-up, there is occasionally a plug of solid material blocking a section of the pipe. The heating may cause some areas of the material to liquify and then expand. The expansion can create extremely high pressures inside the joint if the solid plug is blocking a section of the line.

Test Procedures

Blowout of Gasket Products Test  (No ASTM Designation)
Garlock developed the equipment and test procedure used for testing the blowout resistance of gaskets at varying pressures and temperatures.

This test method and procedure enable us to compare the blowout resistance of all types of non-metallic gasketing products. The test fluid is nitrogen gas. Internal pressures can be varied from atmospheric to approximately 5000 psig (345 bar). The flanges and gaskets can be exposed to temperatures up to 1000ºF (540ºC).

Garlock blow out tests are primarily used to compare various products, one with another, and do not represent results that can be expected under actual field conditions. The experience gained over many years in blowout testing provides part of the technical backup of our data on longer term P (psig or bar) x T (º F or º C) values.

Compressibility and Recovery of Gasket Material - ASTM Test Designation: F36
This method covers determination of the short-time compressibility and recovery at room temperature of sheet gasket materials.

This test method is not intended as a test for compressibility under prolonged stress applications, generally referred to as "creep", or for recovery following such prolonged stress applications, the inverse of which is generally referred to as "compression set".

Some initial compressibility is essential for proper installation of a gasket and is required to compensate for any flange irregularities such as minor flaws or nicks, non-parallelism, corrosion and variations in groove depth. Voids must be filled to obtain proper seating of the gasket or premature failure will occur.

In addition, good recovery upon release of load is indicative of torque retention of a gasketed joint.

Compressibility and recovery as defined by ASTM are two worthwhile physical property criteria for supplier and purchaser to agree upon as routine tests.

Creep Relaxation of Gasket Material - ASTM Designation: F38 Test Method B
Measured by means of a calibrated bolt with dial indicator, ASTM F38 provides a means for measuring the amount of creep relaxation of a gasket material at a stated time after a compressive stress has been applied. There is no fluid involved.

This method is designed to compare related products under controlled conditions in regard to their ability to maintain a given compressive stress as a function of time. A portion of the torque loss on the bolted flange is a result of creep relaxation. Creep relaxation is defined by ASTM as: "A transient stress-strain condition in which the strain increases concurrently with the decay of stress." The result of creep relaxation is loss of thickness of a gasket, which then results in bolt torque loss, resulting in leakage.

Torque loss can also be caused by elongation of bolts, flange distortion and vibration. Therefore, results obtained in lab conditions should be correlated with field results.

Also see "Test, Torque Retention - DIN 52913" for further information.

Fluid Resistance of Gasket Materials - ASTM Designation: Test F146
These methods provide a standardized procedure for measuring the effect of immersion on physical properties of non-metallic gasketing materials in specified fluids under defined conditions of time and temperature. The types of materials covered are those included in the first numeral described in Classification F104. They are not applicable to the testing of vulcanized rubber, a method described in Test Method D471.

The test fluids and conditions outlined were selected as typical for the purposes of comparing different materials, and can be used as a routine test when agreed upon between the supplier and purchaser.

The results of immersion tests are not intended to give any direct correlation with service conditions in view of the wide variations in temperature and special uses encountered in gasket applications.

Gas Permeability - DIN* Designation: 3535 Test
This standard provides a means of measuring leakage of a gas through a gasket. This test is designed to compare the leakage rates of different products.

The fluid used is nitrogen gas at an internal pressure of 580 psig (40 bar) and a gasket loading of 4640 psi (32 N/mm²). The apparatus is considerably more versatile than that used in ASTM F37. The sample gasket size can be varied; much higher internal pressures can be used. Normally measurements are made at room temperature. However, we have the ability to test at elevated temperatures.

The test measures the effects on leakage rates due to changes in gasket products themselves, in gasket thicknesses, in gasket flange widths, in varying internal pressures, in varying gasket loads, and at varying temperatures.

* DIN: Deutches Institut für Normung

Helium Mass Spectrometer Test
The ability to control and detect leakage on an ever decreasing scale is a requirement of industry today. Mass spectrometer technology is used where stringent leak detection is needed such as in the manufacture of devices used in body implants, nuclear vessels and cathode ray tubes.

The Helium Mass Spectrometer Leak Detector (HeMSLD) develops a high vacuum which enables it to detect trace amounts of helium that are present. Helium gas is used as a test media in standard flange fixtures or the DIN 3535 gas permeability fixture. The HeMSLD detects the helium leakage through the gasketed joint by way of a hand held "sniffer" probe or by a hard piped connection from the DIN 3535 fixture or equipment where other leak detection systems are used. Leakage as low as 1 x 10^-9 standard cc He/second can be detected.

Other ASTM Tests
Purchasers may want to consider the use of the following ASTM test methods depending on their gasketing needs:
F147 Test Methods for Flexibility of Non-Metallic Gasket Materials
F363 Method for Corrosion Testing of Gaskets
F607 Test Method for Adhesion of Gasket Materials to Metal Surfaces

Sealability of Gasket Materials - ASTM Designation: F37 Test
Test methods A & B provide a means of evaluating fluid sealing properties at room temperature. Method A is restricted to liquid measurements and Method B (most common) can be used for both gas and liquid measurements.

These test methods are suitable for evaluating the sealing characteristics of a gasket product under differing compression flange loads. Since this physical property is so important to the proper function of a gasket, it should be used as an acceptance test when test methods are agreed upon between supplier and purchaser as follows: fluid, internal pressure of fluid, and flange load on the gasket specimen.

The most commonly used fluids are isooctane and nitrogen gas. Gasket load, fluid and internal pressures can vary according to customer needs. However, our experience indicates a strong preference for nitrogen gas, with a gasket load of 3000 psi (20.7 N/mm²) at an internal pressure of 30 psig (2 bar).

These precise measurements of leakage rates are designed to compare gasketing products under controlled conditions. The leakage measured comes either through the gasket, or between the gasket and the flange faces, or both. Our experience over many years with thousands of test samples indicates that, in most cases, the leakage measured is a result of leakage through the gasket.

It is not a question of whether or not any fibrous type gasketing product allows leakage through the gasket, but how much leakage under any set of given conditions of time, temperature and pressure.

Standard Classification for Non-metallic Gasket Materials - ASTM Designation: F104 Test
This classification system provides a means for specifying or describing pertinent properties of commercial non-metallic gasket materials. Materials composed of asbestos, cork, cellulose, and other non-asbestos materials in combination with various binders or fillers are included. Materials normally classified as rubber compounds are covered in Method D2000.

Since all the properties that contribute to gasket performance are not included, use of the classification system as a basis for selecting materials is limited.

The purpose of the classification system is intended to provide a common language for communication between suppliers and purchasers; to guide engineers and designers in the test methods commonly used for commercially available materials, and be versatile enough to cover new materials and test methods as they are introduced.

It is based on the principle that non-metallic gasket materials should be described, insofar as possible, in terms of specific physical and functional characteristics. An infinite number of such descriptions can be formulated by use of one or more standard statements based on standard tests.

All fibrous and PTFE type gasketing materials in this catalog show our F104 Line Call-Out.

Steam Trap Test
The use of steam traps for functional testing of gasketing products is an excellent method for qualifying products. Tests are severe since gasket flange widths are narrow and, in several steam trap designs, the steam enters the trap at a rather high velocity right at the gasket I.D.

A variety of different steam trap designs are cycled on and off at 250 psig (15 bar) and 405º F (205º C) to test the life and function of the gasket.

Tests continue until visible leaks occur or, if no such leakage occurs, for a period of one year.

Tension of Non-metallic Gasket Materials Test - ASTM Designation: F152
The Universal Tester is used to determine the tensile strength of non-metallic gasketing products. The types of products covered are those containing various organic fibers, inorganic fibers, flexible graphite, or fluorocarbons as described in F104.

F152 is not applicable to the testing of vulcanized rubber, a method that is described in Test Method D142, nor for rubber O-rings, a method that is described in D1414.

The measurements of tensile strength characterizes various classes and grades of products of a given type. It also will aid the purchaser in determining whether the gasketing product approved for a given application is being manufactured to acceptable quality. Various procedures are given for different types of materials, and in order to compare results from one lab to another, it is imperative that the applicable procedure be used.

The measurement of tensile strength should not be construed as an indication of the performance of that product in use.

Thermal Analysis Test
Thermal Analysis, often referred to as TA, is a series of techniques that characterize materials by measuring and analyzing changes in their physical and chemical properties resulting from controlled and measured changes in temperature. The TA techniques include DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis) and TMA (Thermal Mechanical Analysis).

• DSC measures heat flow into or out of a material as it is undergoing a programmed thermal profile. The resulting plot of heat flow vs. temperature can reveal a great deal of information about a material. DSC is being used to determine such things about a material as specific heat, melting point, crystallinity, glass transition temperature, degree of cure of thermosets, purity, oxidative stability, and reaction kinetics.

• TGA measures changes in the weight of a material. By heating a sample in a controlled manner in various atmospheres, the composition of various materials can be determined. The technique is also useful for performing thermal stability studies.

• TMA provides measurements of penetration, expansion, contraction, extension, and relaxation of materials as a function of either time or temperature. By using various probes and accessories, TMA can be used to determine expansion coefficients, softening points, heat-deflection temperatures, viscosity, creep, and stress relaxation.

Torque Retention Test - DIN 52913
This test is designed to determine the torque retention capabilities of gasketing products, when subjected to the compression load and operating temperature as defined by the test procedure.

The test consists of applying a predetermined load on the test gasket via a tension screw, then heating the gasket/flange assembly to the desired temperature (there is no internal pressure). The standard test period is either sixteen (16) hours or one hundred (100) hours. At the end of the required time period, the compression load which is left acting on the test gasket is measured. This allows one to calculate the torque retention capabilities of various gasketing products.

Test Equipment

Infra-Red Analyzer
This instrument is equipped with a number of attachments that allow scanning of liquids and solids either by transmittance or reflectance. The spectrum of the scanned sample can be compared against standard spectra contained in internal libraries within the instrument. The search program automatically finds the best match. The sample and library spectra can be displayed together on the screen for comparison.

Programmable, Multi-Functional Test Stand
This new addition to the Garlock Test Lab equipment is a highly sophisticated, PC-driven stand for evaluating various properties of gasketing materials under varying conditions. The PC can be programmed to test leak rates at various internal pressures, compressive loads, or test temperatures. One of these parameters can be programmed to ramp up while the other conditions are held constant, in order to study the effects these conditions have on the sealability of materials. Leak rates and gasket thickness are monitored to determine percent compression vs. Ioad, leak rate vs. compressive stress, maximum crush resistance, and more.

Capabilities:
Compressive Stress: to 36,000 psi (250 MPa) at room temperature to 23,000 psi (160 MPa) at 570º F (300º C)
Temperature: to 840º F (450º C)
Gasket Thickness: 0-5/16" (0-8mm)
Internal Pressure: 75-1450 psig (5-100 bar)

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